dubbo-spi

Java SPI

官网上有这么一段描述：

An extensible application is one that you can extend without modifying its original code base. You can enhance its functionality with new plug-ins or modules. Developers, software vendors, and customers can add new functionality or application programming interfaces (APIs) by adding a new Java Archive (JAR) file onto the application class path or into an application-specific extension directory.

大致翻译一下就是动态扩展的意思了—-🐂🍺就完了，翻译啥翻译。

官方文档地址：官方SPI介绍

SPI 简要说明

Dubbo 文档里说明: SPI 全称为 Service Provider Interface，是一种服务发现机制。SPI 的本质是将接口实现类的全限定名配置在文件中，并由服务加载器读取配置文件，加载实现类。这样可以在运行时，动态为接口加载实现类。正因此特性，我们可以很容易的通过 SPI 机制为我们的程序提供拓展功能。SPI 机制在第三方框架中也有所应用，比如 Dubbo 就是通过 SPI 机制加载所有的组件。不过，Dubbo 并未使用 Java 原生的 SPI 机制，而是对其进行了增强，使其能够更好的满足需求。在 Dubbo 中，SPI 是一个非常重要的模块。如果大家想要学习 Dubbo 的源码，SPI 机制务必弄懂。

先来看看Java SPI的使用

// provider
public interface Dictionary {
    public String getDefinition(String word);
}

// feature 1
public class GeneralDictionary implements Dictionary {

    private SortedMap<String, String> map;
    
    /** Creates a new instance of GeneralDictionary */
    public GeneralDictionary() {
        map = new TreeMap<String, String>();
        map.put(
            "book",
            "a set of written or printed pages, usually bound with " +
                "a protective cover");
        map.put(
            "editor",
            "a person who edits");
    }

    @Override
    public String getDefinition(String word) {
        return map.get(word);
    }

}

// feature 2
public class ExtendedDictionary implements Dictionary {

    private SortedMap<String, String> map;

    /**
    * Creates a new instance of ExtendedDictionary
    */
    public ExtendedDictionary() {
        map = new TreeMap<String, String>();
        map.put(
            "xml",
            "a document standard often used in web services, among other " +
                "things");
        map.put(
            "REST",
            "an architecture style for creating, reading, updating, " +
                "and deleting data that attempts to use the common " +
                "vocabulary of the HTTP protocol; Representational State " +
                "Transfer");
    }

    @Override
    public String getDefinition(String word) {
        return map.get(word);
    }

}

//  META-INF/services 文件夹下增加全限定名
    dictionary.spi.Dictionary.ExtendedDictionary
    dictionary.spi.Dictionary.GeneralDictionary

@Test
public void sayHello() throws Exception {
    ServiceLoader<Robot> serviceLoader = ServiceLoader.load(Dictionary.class);
    System.out.println("Java SPI");
    serviceLoader.forEach(Dictionary::getDefinition("book"));
}

// result 
a set of written or printed pages, usually bound with a protective cover

更详细和深入的SPI说明还是认真看上面官方的文档，已经很详细了。

设计模式里的适配器模式？不是太确定，不过感觉效用不差。至少，将来词典有扩充词汇的时候，只需要实现接口，就可以进行新词汇的查询功能，这样看来有点facade的模式意思—-你不用动，我来动。

Dubbo SPI 源码实现

官网有说明

• Dubbo 并未使用 Java SPI，而是重新实现了一套功能更强的 SPI 机制。Dubbo SPI 的相关逻辑被封装在了 ExtensionLoader 类中，通过 ExtensionLoader，我们可以加载指定的实现类。并且，Dubbo SPI 除了支持按需加载接口实现类，还增加了 IOC 和 AOP 等特性。

先贴代码，再加注释，最后解读。
todo @home after 10:00 pm

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.dubbo.common.extension;

import org.apache.dubbo.common.URL;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.extension.support.ActivateComparator;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.logger.Logger;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.logger.LoggerFactory;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.ArrayUtils;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.ClassUtils;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.CollectionUtils;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.ConcurrentHashSet;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.ConfigUtils;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.Holder;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.ReflectUtils;
import org.apache.dubbo.common.utils.StringUtils;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

import static org.apache.dubbo.common.constants.CommonConstants.COMMA_SPLIT_PATTERN;
import static org.apache.dubbo.common.constants.CommonConstants.DEFAULT_KEY;
import static org.apache.dubbo.common.constants.CommonConstants.REMOVE_VALUE_PREFIX;

/**
 * Load dubbo extensions
 * <ul>
 * <li>auto inject dependency extension </li>
 * <li>auto wrap extension in wrapper </li>
 * <li>default extension is an adaptive instance</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * @see <a href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider">Service Provider in Java 5</a>
 * @see org.apache.dubbo.common.extension.SPI
 * @see org.apache.dubbo.common.extension.Adaptive
 * @see org.apache.dubbo.common.extension.Activate
 */
public class ExtensionLoader<T> {

    private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExtensionLoader.class);
    // 服务相关配置路径
    private static final String SERVICES_DIRECTORY = "META-INF/services/";

    private static final String DUBBO_DIRECTORY = "META-INF/dubbo/";

    private static final String DUBBO_INTERNAL_DIRECTORY = DUBBO_DIRECTORY + "internal/";

    private static final Pattern NAME_SEPARATOR = Pattern.compile("\\s*[,]+\\s*");
    // 线程安全map
    private static final ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, ExtensionLoader<?>> EXTENSION_LOADERS = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    private static final ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, Object> EXTENSION_INSTANCES = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    private final Class<?> type;

    private final ExtensionFactory objectFactory;
    // 缓存相关命名
    private final ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, String> cachedNames = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    private final Holder<Map<String, Class<?>>> cachedClasses = new Holder<>();

    private final Map<String, Object> cachedActivates = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    private final ConcurrentMap<String, Holder<Object>> cachedInstances = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    private final Holder<Object> cachedAdaptiveInstance = new Holder<>();
    private volatile Class<?> cachedAdaptiveClass = null;
    private String cachedDefaultName;
    private volatile Throwable createAdaptiveInstanceError;

    private Set<Class<?>> cachedWrapperClasses;
    // 异常相关
    private Map<String, IllegalStateException> exceptions = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    // 入口
    private ExtensionLoader(Class<?> type) {
        this.type = type;
        objectFactory = (type == ExtensionFactory.class ? null : ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(ExtensionFactory.class).getAdaptiveExtension());
    }

    private static <T> boolean withExtensionAnnotation(Class<T> type) {
        return type.isAnnotationPresent(SPI.class);
    }

    // step 1
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public static <T> ExtensionLoader<T> getExtensionLoader(Class<T> type) {
        // 按type进行相应异常判断
        if (type == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension type == null");
        }
        if (!type.isInterface()) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension type (" + type + ") is not an interface!");
        }
        if (!withExtensionAnnotation(type)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension type (" + type +
                    ") is not an extension, because it is NOT annotated with @" + SPI.class.getSimpleName() + "!");
        }

        // 缓冲中取loader 取不到放进缓存 Cache Aside Pattern 模式
        ExtensionLoader<T> loader = (ExtensionLoader<T>) EXTENSION_LOADERS.get(type);
        if (loader == null) {
            EXTENSION_LOADERS.putIfAbsent(type, new ExtensionLoader<T>(type));
            loader = (ExtensionLoader<T>) EXTENSION_LOADERS.get(type);
        }
        return loader;
    }

    // For testing purposes only
    public static void resetExtensionLoader(Class type) {
        ExtensionLoader loader = EXTENSION_LOADERS.get(type);
        if (loader != null) {
            // Remove all instances associated with this loader as well
            Map<String, Class<?>> classes = loader.getExtensionClasses();
            for (Map.Entry<String, Class<?>> entry : classes.entrySet()) {
                EXTENSION_INSTANCES.remove(entry.getValue());
            }
            classes.clear();
            EXTENSION_LOADERS.remove(type);
        }
    }

    private static ClassLoader findClassLoader() {
        return ClassUtils.getClassLoader(ExtensionLoader.class);
    }

    public String getExtensionName(T extensionInstance) {
        return getExtensionName(extensionInstance.getClass());
    }

    public String getExtensionName(Class<?> extensionClass) {
        getExtensionClasses();// load class
        return cachedNames.get(extensionClass);
    }

    /**
     * This is equivalent to {@code getActivateExtension(url, key, null)}
     *
     * @param url url
     * @param key url parameter key which used to get extension point names
     * @return extension list which are activated.
     * @see #getActivateExtension(org.apache.dubbo.common.URL, String, String)
     */
    public List<T> getActivateExtension(URL url, String key) {
        return getActivateExtension(url, key, null);
    }

    /**
     * This is equivalent to {@code getActivateExtension(url, values, null)}
     *
     * @param url    url
     * @param values extension point names
     * @return extension list which are activated
     * @see #getActivateExtension(org.apache.dubbo.common.URL, String[], String)
     */
    public List<T> getActivateExtension(URL url, String[] values) {
        return getActivateExtension(url, values, null);
    }

    /**
     * This is equivalent to {@code getActivateExtension(url, url.getParameter(key).split(","), null)}
     *
     * @param url   url
     * @param key   url parameter key which used to get extension point names
     * @param group group
     * @return extension list which are activated.
     * @see #getActivateExtension(org.apache.dubbo.common.URL, String[], String)
     */
    public List<T> getActivateExtension(URL url, String key, String group) {
        String value = url.getParameter(key);
        return getActivateExtension(url, StringUtils.isEmpty(value) ? null : COMMA_SPLIT_PATTERN.split(value), group);
    }

    /**
     * Get activate extensions.
     *
     * @param url    url
     * @param values extension point names
     * @param group  group
     * @return extension list which are activated
     * @see org.apache.dubbo.common.extension.Activate
     */
    public List<T> getActivateExtension(URL url, String[] values, String group) {
        List<T> exts = new ArrayList<>();
        List<String> names = values == null ? new ArrayList<>(0) : Arrays.asList(values);
        if (!names.contains(REMOVE_VALUE_PREFIX + DEFAULT_KEY)) {
            getExtensionClasses();
            for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry : cachedActivates.entrySet()) {
                String name = entry.getKey();
                Object activate = entry.getValue();

                String[] activateGroup, activateValue;

                if (activate instanceof Activate) {
                    activateGroup = ((Activate) activate).group();
                    activateValue = ((Activate) activate).value();
                } else if (activate instanceof com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate) {
                    activateGroup = ((com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate) activate).group();
                    activateValue = ((com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate) activate).value();
                } else {
                    continue;
                }
                if (isMatchGroup(group, activateGroup)
                        && !names.contains(name)
                        && !names.contains(REMOVE_VALUE_PREFIX + name)
                        && isActive(activateValue, url)) {
                    exts.add(getExtension(name));
                }
            }
            exts.sort(ActivateComparator.COMPARATOR);
        }
        List<T> usrs = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < names.size(); i++) {
            String name = names.get(i);
            if (!name.startsWith(REMOVE_VALUE_PREFIX)
                    && !names.contains(REMOVE_VALUE_PREFIX + name)) {
                if (DEFAULT_KEY.equals(name)) {
                    if (!usrs.isEmpty()) {
                        exts.addAll(0, usrs);
                        usrs.clear();
                    }
                } else {
                    usrs.add(getExtension(name));
                }
            }
        }
        if (!usrs.isEmpty()) {
            exts.addAll(usrs);
        }
        return exts;
    }

    private boolean isMatchGroup(String group, String[] groups) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(group)) {
            return true;
        }
        if (groups != null && groups.length > 0) {
            for (String g : groups) {
                if (group.equals(g)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    private boolean isActive(String[] keys, URL url) {
        if (keys.length == 0) {
            return true;
        }
        for (String key : keys) {
            for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : url.getParameters().entrySet()) {
                String k = entry.getKey();
                String v = entry.getValue();
                if ((k.equals(key) || k.endsWith("." + key))
                        && ConfigUtils.isNotEmpty(v)) {
                    return true;
                }
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Get extension's instance. Return <code>null</code> if extension is not found or is not initialized. Pls. note
     * that this method will not trigger extension load.
     * <p>
     * In order to trigger extension load, call {@link #getExtension(String)} instead.
     *
     * @see #getExtension(String)
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public T getLoadedExtension(String name) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension name == null");
        }
        Holder<Object> holder = getOrCreateHolder(name);
        return (T) holder.get();
    }

    private Holder<Object> getOrCreateHolder(String name) {
        Holder<Object> holder = cachedInstances.get(name);
        if (holder == null) {
            cachedInstances.putIfAbsent(name, new Holder<>());
            holder = cachedInstances.get(name);
        }
        return holder;
    }

    /**
     * Return the list of extensions which are already loaded.
     * <p>
     * Usually {@link #getSupportedExtensions()} should be called in order to get all extensions.
     *
     * @see #getSupportedExtensions()
     */
    public Set<String> getLoadedExtensions() {
        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(new TreeSet<>(cachedInstances.keySet()));
    }

    public Object getLoadedAdaptiveExtensionInstances() {
        return cachedAdaptiveInstance.get();
    }

    /**
     * Find the extension with the given name. If the specified name is not found, then {@link IllegalStateException}
     * will be thrown.
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public T getExtension(String name) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension name == null");
        }
        if ("true".equals(name)) {
            return getDefaultExtension();
        }
        final Holder<Object> holder = getOrCreateHolder(name);
        Object instance = holder.get();
        if (instance == null) {
            synchronized (holder) {
                instance = holder.get();
                if (instance == null) {
                    instance = createExtension(name);
                    holder.set(instance);
                }
            }
        }
        return (T) instance;
    }

    /**
     * Return default extension, return <code>null</code> if it's not configured.
     */
    public T getDefaultExtension() {
        getExtensionClasses();
        if (StringUtils.isBlank(cachedDefaultName) || "true".equals(cachedDefaultName)) {
            return null;
        }
        return getExtension(cachedDefaultName);
    }

    public boolean hasExtension(String name) {
        if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension name == null");
        }
        Class<?> c = this.getExtensionClass(name);
        return c != null;
    }

    public Set<String> getSupportedExtensions() {
        Map<String, Class<?>> clazzes = getExtensionClasses();
        return Collections.unmodifiableSet(new TreeSet<>(clazzes.keySet()));
    }

    /**
     * Return default extension name, return <code>null</code> if not configured.
     */
    public String getDefaultExtensionName() {
        getExtensionClasses();
        return cachedDefaultName;
    }

    /**
     * Register new extension via API
     *
     * @param name  extension name
     * @param clazz extension class
     * @throws IllegalStateException when extension with the same name has already been registered.
     */
    public void addExtension(String name, Class<?> clazz) {
        getExtensionClasses(); // load classes

        if (!type.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Input type " +
                    clazz + " doesn't implement the Extension " + type);
        }
        if (clazz.isInterface()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Input type " +
                    clazz + " can't be interface!");
        }

        if (!clazz.isAnnotationPresent(Adaptive.class)) {
            if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Extension name is blank (Extension " + type + ")!");
            }
            if (cachedClasses.get().containsKey(name)) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Extension name " +
                        name + " already exists (Extension " + type + ")!");
            }

            cachedNames.put(clazz, name);
            cachedClasses.get().put(name, clazz);
        } else {
            if (cachedAdaptiveClass != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Adaptive Extension already exists (Extension " + type + ")!");
            }

            cachedAdaptiveClass = clazz;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Replace the existing extension via API
     *
     * @param name  extension name
     * @param clazz extension class
     * @throws IllegalStateException when extension to be placed doesn't exist
     * @deprecated not recommended any longer, and use only when test
     */
    @Deprecated
    public void replaceExtension(String name, Class<?> clazz) {
        getExtensionClasses(); // load classes

        if (!type.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Input type " +
                    clazz + " doesn't implement Extension " + type);
        }
        if (clazz.isInterface()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Input type " +
                    clazz + " can't be interface!");
        }

        if (!clazz.isAnnotationPresent(Adaptive.class)) {
            if (StringUtils.isBlank(name)) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Extension name is blank (Extension " + type + ")!");
            }
            if (!cachedClasses.get().containsKey(name)) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Extension name " +
                        name + " doesn't exist (Extension " + type + ")!");
            }

            cachedNames.put(clazz, name);
            cachedClasses.get().put(name, clazz);
            cachedInstances.remove(name);
        } else {
            if (cachedAdaptiveClass == null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Adaptive Extension doesn't exist (Extension " + type + ")!");
            }

            cachedAdaptiveClass = clazz;
            cachedAdaptiveInstance.set(null);
        }
    }

    // step 2
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    public T getAdaptiveExtension() {
        Object instance = cachedAdaptiveInstance.get();
        if (instance == null) {
            if (createAdaptiveInstanceError != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to create adaptive instance: " +
                        createAdaptiveInstanceError.toString(),
                        createAdaptiveInstanceError);
            }

            synchronized (cachedAdaptiveInstance) {
                instance = cachedAdaptiveInstance.get();
                if (instance == null) {
                    try {
                        instance = createAdaptiveExtension();
                        cachedAdaptiveInstance.set(instance);
                    } catch (Throwable t) {
                        createAdaptiveInstanceError = t;
                        throw new IllegalStateException("Failed to create adaptive instance: " + t.toString(), t);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return (T) instance;
    }

    private void findException(String name) {
        for (Map.Entry<String, IllegalStateException> entry : exceptions.entrySet()) {
            if (entry.getKey().toLowerCase().contains(name.toLowerCase())) {
                throw entry.getValue();
            }
        }
    }

    private IllegalStateException noExtensionException(String name) {
        StringBuilder buf = new StringBuilder("No such extension " + type.getName() + " by name " + name);


        int i = 1;
        for (Map.Entry<String, IllegalStateException> entry : exceptions.entrySet()) {
            if (i == 1) {
                buf.append(", possible causes: ");
            }

            buf.append("\r\n(");
            buf.append(i++);
            buf.append(") ");
            buf.append(entry.getKey());
            buf.append(":\r\n");
            buf.append(StringUtils.toString(entry.getValue()));
        }
        return new IllegalStateException(buf.toString());
    }

    //  step 3 创建实例
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private T createExtension(String name) {
        // throws any possible exception in loading period.
        findException(name);
        Class<?> clazz = getExtensionClasses().get(name);
        if (clazz == null) {
            throw noExtensionException(name);
        }
        try {
            T instance = (T) EXTENSION_INSTANCES.get(clazz);
            if (instance == null) {
                EXTENSION_INSTANCES.putIfAbsent(clazz, clazz.newInstance());
                instance = (T) EXTENSION_INSTANCES.get(clazz);
            }
            injectExtension(instance);
            Set<Class<?>> wrapperClasses = cachedWrapperClasses;
            if (CollectionUtils.isNotEmpty(wrapperClasses)) {
                for (Class<?> wrapperClass : wrapperClasses) {
                    instance = injectExtension((T) wrapperClass.getConstructor(type).newInstance(instance));
                }
            }
            return instance;
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Extension instance (name: " + name + ", class: " +
                    type + ") couldn't be instantiated: " + t.getMessage(), t);
        }
    }

    // step 4 IOC翻转
    private T injectExtension(T instance) {

        if (objectFactory == null) {
            return instance;
        }

        try {
            for (Method method : instance.getClass().getMethods()) {
                if (!isSetter(method)) {
                    continue;
                }
                /**
                 * Check {@link DisableInject} to see if we need auto injection for this property
                 */
                if (method.getAnnotation(DisableInject.class) != null) {
                    continue;
                }
                Class<?> pt = method.getParameterTypes()[0];
                if (ReflectUtils.isPrimitives(pt)) {
                    continue;
                }

                try {
                    String property = getSetterProperty(method);
                    Object object = objectFactory.getExtension(pt, property);
                    if (object != null) {
                        method.invoke(instance, object);
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    logger.error("Failed to inject via method " + method.getName()
                            + " of interface " + type.getName() + ": " + e.getMessage(), e);
                }

            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            logger.error(e.getMessage(), e);
        }
        return instance;
    }

    /**
     * get properties name for setter, for instance: setVersion, return "version"
     * <p>
     * return "", if setter name with length less than 3
     */
    private String getSetterProperty(Method method) {
        return method.getName().length() > 3 ? method.getName().substring(3, 4).toLowerCase() + method.getName().substring(4) : "";
    }

    /**
     * return true if and only if:
     * <p>
     * 1, public
     * <p>
     * 2, name starts with "set"
     * <p>
     * 3, only has one parameter
     */
    private boolean isSetter(Method method) {
        return method.getName().startsWith("set")
                && method.getParameterTypes().length == 1
                && Modifier.isPublic(method.getModifiers());
    }

    private Class<?> getExtensionClass(String name) {
        if (type == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension type == null");
        }
        if (name == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Extension name == null");
        }
        return getExtensionClasses().get(name);
    }

    private Map<String, Class<?>> getExtensionClasses() {
        Map<String, Class<?>> classes = cachedClasses.get();
        if (classes == null) {
            synchronized (cachedClasses) {
                classes = cachedClasses.get();
                if (classes == null) {
                    classes = loadExtensionClasses();
                    cachedClasses.set(classes);
                }
            }
        }
        return classes;
    }

    /**
     * synchronized in getExtensionClasses
     * */
    private Map<String, Class<?>> loadExtensionClasses() {
        cacheDefaultExtensionName();

        Map<String, Class<?>> extensionClasses = new HashMap<>();
        loadDirectory(extensionClasses, DUBBO_INTERNAL_DIRECTORY, type.getName());
        loadDirectory(extensionClasses, DUBBO_INTERNAL_DIRECTORY, type.getName().replace("org.apache", "com.alibaba"));
        loadDirectory(extensionClasses, DUBBO_DIRECTORY, type.getName());
        loadDirectory(extensionClasses, DUBBO_DIRECTORY, type.getName().replace("org.apache", "com.alibaba"));
        loadDirectory(extensionClasses, SERVICES_DIRECTORY, type.getName());
        loadDirectory(extensionClasses, SERVICES_DIRECTORY, type.getName().replace("org.apache", "com.alibaba"));
        return extensionClasses;
    }

    /**
     * extract and cache default extension name if exists
     */
    private void cacheDefaultExtensionName() {
        final SPI defaultAnnotation = type.getAnnotation(SPI.class);
        if (defaultAnnotation == null) {
            return;
        }

        String value = defaultAnnotation.value();
        if ((value = value.trim()).length() > 0) {
            String[] names = NAME_SEPARATOR.split(value);
            if (names.length > 1) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("More than 1 default extension name on extension " + type.getName()
                        + ": " + Arrays.toString(names));
            }
            if (names.length == 1) {
                cachedDefaultName = names[0];
            }
        }
    }

    private void loadDirectory(Map<String, Class<?>> extensionClasses, String dir, String type) {
        String fileName = dir + type;
        try {
            Enumeration<java.net.URL> urls;
            ClassLoader classLoader = findClassLoader();
            if (classLoader != null) {
                urls = classLoader.getResources(fileName);
            } else {
                urls = ClassLoader.getSystemResources(fileName);
            }
            if (urls != null) {
                while (urls.hasMoreElements()) {
                    java.net.URL resourceURL = urls.nextElement();
                    loadResource(extensionClasses, classLoader, resourceURL);
                }
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            logger.error("Exception occurred when loading extension class (interface: " +
                    type + ", description file: " + fileName + ").", t);
        }
    }

    private void loadResource(Map<String, Class<?>> extensionClasses, ClassLoader classLoader, java.net.URL resourceURL) {
        try {
            try (BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(resourceURL.openStream(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8))) {
                String line;
                while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
                    final int ci = line.indexOf('#');
                    if (ci >= 0) {
                        line = line.substring(0, ci);
                    }
                    line = line.trim();
                    if (line.length() > 0) {
                        try {
                            String name = null;
                            int i = line.indexOf('=');
                            if (i > 0) {
                                name = line.substring(0, i).trim();
                                line = line.substring(i + 1).trim();
                            }
                            if (line.length() > 0) {
                                loadClass(extensionClasses, resourceURL, Class.forName(line, true, classLoader), name);
                            }
                        } catch (Throwable t) {
                            IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException("Failed to load extension class (interface: " + type + ", class line: " + line + ") in " + resourceURL + ", cause: " + t.getMessage(), t);
                            exceptions.put(line, e);
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            logger.error("Exception occurred when loading extension class (interface: " +
                    type + ", class file: " + resourceURL + ") in " + resourceURL, t);
        }
    }

    private void loadClass(Map<String, Class<?>> extensionClasses, java.net.URL resourceURL, Class<?> clazz, String name) throws NoSuchMethodException {
        if (!type.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Error occurred when loading extension class (interface: " +
                    type + ", class line: " + clazz.getName() + "), class "
                    + clazz.getName() + " is not subtype of interface.");
        }
        if (clazz.isAnnotationPresent(Adaptive.class)) {
            cacheAdaptiveClass(clazz);
        } else if (isWrapperClass(clazz)) {
            cacheWrapperClass(clazz);
        } else {
            clazz.getConstructor();
            if (StringUtils.isEmpty(name)) {
                name = findAnnotationName(clazz);
                if (name.length() == 0) {
                    throw new IllegalStateException("No such extension name for the class " + clazz.getName() + " in the config " + resourceURL);
                }
            }

            String[] names = NAME_SEPARATOR.split(name);
            if (ArrayUtils.isNotEmpty(names)) {
                cacheActivateClass(clazz, names[0]);
                for (String n : names) {
                    cacheName(clazz, n);
                    saveInExtensionClass(extensionClasses, clazz, n);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * cache name
     */
    private void cacheName(Class<?> clazz, String name) {
        if (!cachedNames.containsKey(clazz)) {
            cachedNames.put(clazz, name);
        }
    }

    /**
     * put clazz in extensionClasses
     */
    private void saveInExtensionClass(Map<String, Class<?>> extensionClasses, Class<?> clazz, String name) {
        Class<?> c = extensionClasses.get(name);
        if (c == null) {
            extensionClasses.put(name, clazz);
        } else if (c != clazz) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Duplicate extension " + type.getName() + " name " + name + " on " + c.getName() + " and " + clazz.getName());
        }
    }

    /**
     * cache Activate class which is annotated with <code>Activate</code>
     * <p>
     * for compatibility, also cache class with old alibaba Activate annotation
     */
    private void cacheActivateClass(Class<?> clazz, String name) {
        Activate activate = clazz.getAnnotation(Activate.class);
        if (activate != null) {
            cachedActivates.put(name, activate);
        } else {
            // support com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate
            com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate oldActivate = clazz.getAnnotation(com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate.class);
            if (oldActivate != null) {
                cachedActivates.put(name, oldActivate);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * cache Adaptive class which is annotated with <code>Adaptive</code>
     */
    private void cacheAdaptiveClass(Class<?> clazz) {
        if (cachedAdaptiveClass == null) {
            cachedAdaptiveClass = clazz;
        } else if (!cachedAdaptiveClass.equals(clazz)) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("More than 1 adaptive class found: "
                    + cachedAdaptiveClass.getName()
                    + ", " + clazz.getName());
        }
    }

    /**
     * cache wrapper class
     * <p>
     * like: ProtocolFilterWrapper, ProtocolListenerWrapper
     */
    private void cacheWrapperClass(Class<?> clazz) {
        if (cachedWrapperClasses == null) {
            cachedWrapperClasses = new ConcurrentHashSet<>();
        }
        cachedWrapperClasses.add(clazz);
    }

    /**
     * test if clazz is a wrapper class
     * <p>
     * which has Constructor with given class type as its only argument
     */
    private boolean isWrapperClass(Class<?> clazz) {
        try {
            clazz.getConstructor(type);
            return true;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    private String findAnnotationName(Class<?> clazz) {
        org.apache.dubbo.common.Extension extension = clazz.getAnnotation(org.apache.dubbo.common.Extension.class);
        if (extension != null) {
            return extension.value();
        }

        String name = clazz.getSimpleName();
        if (name.endsWith(type.getSimpleName())) {
            name = name.substring(0, name.length() - type.getSimpleName().length());
        }
        return name.toLowerCase();
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private T createAdaptiveExtension() {
        try {
            return injectExtension((T) getAdaptiveExtensionClass().newInstance());
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new IllegalStateException("Can't create adaptive extension " + type + ", cause: " + e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }

    private Class<?> getAdaptiveExtensionClass() {
        getExtensionClasses();
        if (cachedAdaptiveClass != null) {
            return cachedAdaptiveClass;
        }
        return cachedAdaptiveClass = createAdaptiveExtensionClass();
    }

    private Class<?> createAdaptiveExtensionClass() {
        String code = new AdaptiveClassCodeGenerator(type, cachedDefaultName).generate();
        ClassLoader classLoader = findClassLoader();
        org.apache.dubbo.common.compiler.Compiler compiler = ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(org.apache.dubbo.common.compiler.Compiler.class).getAdaptiveExtension();
        return compiler.compile(code, classLoader);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return this.getClass().getName() + "[" + type.getName() + "]";
    }

}